Depression impacts 280 million people around the world (WHO, 2024). Experts estimate that number to be even larger, given that many people are not diagnosed and do not access mental health care, often due to systemic barriers to services. In the United States, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) individuals are at a higher risk of depression than their white counterparts. Untreated depression can lead to severe consequences, such as suicide, which is the second leading cause of death for BIPOC youth (Curtin & Heron, 2019). Recent research has highlighted the importance of family-centered interventions for adolescents, both because depression tends to be elevated in family members and because family members can support one another in coping with depression (Marlotte et al., 2023).

Recognizing the signs and symptoms, as well as regular screening, can support early identification and help-seeking behavior. Depression does not always present as sadness; it can manifest as anger, irritability, and/or emptiness. Depression can even show up as guilt, low self-esteem, hopelessness, and worthlessness. Additionally, difficulties with concentration can be a sign of depression, as can changes in sleep and appetite. One tool to assess depression is the free Patient Health Questionnaire, which is becoming more commonly used in healthcare settings like primary care.

Some depression symptoms can be managed through preventative strategies. Restful and adequate sleep, regular exercise, and social support are all protective factors against depression. Spending time in nature, meditation, and music can also have a positive impact on mood. These methods are helpful in reducing or eliminating symptoms. Other depression symptoms may require additional support through therapy and medications.